If you feel you are being solicited for information, which of the following should you do? hile cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. The department is expanding its Vulnerability Disclosure Program to include all publicly accessible DOD information systems. The challenge of securing these complex systems is compounded by the interaction of legacy and newer weapons systemsand most DOD weapons platforms are legacy platforms. The increasingly computerized and networked nature of the U.S. military's weapons contributes to their vulnerability. 1981); Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels. The types of data include data from the following sources: the data acquisition server, operator control interactions, alarms and events, and calculated and generated from other sources. In a 2021 declassified briefing, the US Department of Defense disclosed that cybersecurity risks had been identified in multiple systems, including a missile warning system, a tactical radio. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. Nevertheless, the stakes remain high to preserve the integrity of core conventional and nuclear deterrence and warfighting capabilities, and efforts thus far, while important, have not been sufficiently comprehensive. . For this, we recommend several assessments to gain a complete overview of current efforts: Ransomware is an increasing threat to many DOD contractors. Adversaries studied the American way of war and began investing in capabilities that targeted our strengths and sought to exploit perceived weaknesses.21 In this new environment, cyberspace is a decisive arena in broader GPC, with significant implications for cross-domain deterrence.22, The literature on the feasibility of deterrence in cyberspace largely focuses on within-domain deterrencein other words, the utility and feasibility of using (or threatening) cyber means to deter cyber behavior.23 Scholars have identified a number of important impediments to this form of cyber deterrence.24 For instance, the challenges of discerning timely and accurate attribution could weaken cyber deterrence through generating doubt about the identity of the perpetrator of a cyberattack, which undermines the credibility of response options.25 Uncertainty about the effects of cyber capabilitiesboth anticipating them ex ante and measuring them ex postmay impede battle damage assessments that are essential for any deterrence calculus.26 This uncertainty is further complicated by limitations in the ability to hold targets at risk or deliver effects repeatedly over time.27 A deterring state may avoid revealing capabilities (which enhances the credibility of deterrence) because the act of revealing them renders the capabilities impotent.28 Finally, the target may simply not perceive the threatened cyber costs to be sufficiently high to affect its calculus, or the target may be willing to gamble that a threatened action may not produce the effect intended by the deterring state due to the often unpredictable and fleeting nature of cyber operations and effects.29 Others offer a more sanguine take. DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . Some key works include Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better. Chinese Malicious Cyber Activity. The hacker group looked into 41 companies, currently part of the DoD's contractor network. NON-DOD SYSTEMS RAISE CONCERNS. Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition, Chief Systems Engineer, Naval Systems of Systems Systems Engineering Guidebook, Volume II. 65 Nuclear Posture Review (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons, Lawfare, March 12, 2020, available at ; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability, Orbis 60, no. There are a number of common ways an attacker can gain access, but the miscellaneous pathways outnumber the common pathways. These applications can result in real-time operational control adjustments, reports, alarms and events, calculated data source for the master database server archival, or support of real-time analysis work being performed from the engineering workstation or other interface computers. Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion. As the 2017 National Security Strategy notes, deterrence today is significantly more complex to achieve than during the Cold War. 1636, available at . This access can be directed from within an organization by trusted users or from remote locations by unknown persons using the Internet. Art, To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4, no. Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. Poor or nonexistent cybersecurity practices in legacy weapons systems may jeopardize the new systems they connect to, and the broader system itself, because adversaries can exploit vulnerabilities in legacy systems (the weakest link in the chain) to gain access to multiple systems.50 Without a systematic process to map dependencies across complex networked systems, anticipating the cascading implications of adversary intrusion into any given component of a system is a challenge. Cybersecurity Personnel who secure, defend, and preserve data, networks, net-centric capabilities, and other designated systems by ensuring appropriate security controls and measures are in place, and taking internal defense actions. A telematics system is tightly integrated with other systems in a vehicle and provides a number of functions for the user. Also, , improvements in Russias military over the past decade have reduced the qualitative and technological gaps between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include On May 20, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) posted a request for information (RFI) for cyber vulnerability services. Koch and Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber Security, 191. The control system network is often connected to the business office network to provide real-time transfer of data from the control network to various elements of the corporate office. several county departments and government offices taken offline, 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute. This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. Nearly every production control system logs to a database on the control system LAN that is then mirrored into the business LAN. MAD Security aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities. Most control system networks are no longer directly accessible remotely from the Internet. Telematics should therefore be considered a high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities. For example, China is the second-largest spender on research and development (R&D) after the United States, accounting for 21 percent of the worlds total R&D spending in 2015. An attacker will attempt to take over a machine and wait for the legitimate user to VPN into the control system LAN and piggyback on the connection. Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition,, terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at <, https://defense360.csis.org/bad-idea-great-power-competition-terminology/. A backup control center is used in more critical applications to provide a secondary control system if there is a catastrophic loss of the main system. For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the Peoples Republic of China 2020, The spread of advanced air defenses, antisatellite, and cyberwarfare capabilities has given weaker actors the ability to threaten the United States and its allies. Joint Force Quarterly 102. Several threats are identified. 2 (Summer 1995), 157181. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. The strategic consequences of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that support conventionaland, even more so, nucleardeterrence are acute. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see, https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf. System data is collected, processed and stored in a master database server. By inserting commands into the command stream the attacker can issue arbitrary or targeted commands. There is a need for support during upgrades or when a system is malfunctioning. Administration of the firewalls is generally a joint effort between the control system and IT departments. While military cyber defenses are formidable, civilian . Within the Intelligence Community, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence also plays a role in supply chain security through its counterintelligence mission, which includes the defense industrial base. large versionFigure 4: Control System as DMZ. Simply put, ensuring your systems are compliant, and setting up control in place are often the best efforts a company can make to protect its systems from cyberattacks. However, adversaries could hold these at risk in cyberspace, potentially undermining deterrence. None of the above Most control systems come with a vendor support agreement. MAD Security recently collaborated with Design Interactive, a cutting-edge research and software development company trying to enhance cybersecurity to prevent cyber attacks. Your small business may. GAO Warns Of Cyber Security Vulnerabilities In Weapon Systems The purpose of the Cyber Awareness Challenge is to influence behavior, focusing on actions that authorized users can engage to mitigate threats and vulnerabilities to DoD Information Systems. The attacker is also limited to the commands allowed for the currently logged-in operator. Large DCS often need to use portions of the business network as a route between multiple control system LANs (see Figure 5). While the United States has ostensibly deterred strategic cyberattacks above the threshold of armed conflict, it has failed to create sufficient costs for adversaries below that threshold in a way that would shape adversary behavior in a desired direction.1 Effectively, this tide of malicious behavior represents a deterrence failure for strategic cyber campaigns below the use-of-force threshold; threat actors have not been dissuaded from these types of campaigns because they have not perceived that the costs or risks of conducting them outweigh the benefits.2 This breakdown has led to systemic and pervasive efforts by adversaries to leverage U.S. vulnerabilities and its large attack surface in cyberspace to conduct intellectual property theftincluding critical national security intellectual propertyat scale, use cyberspace in support of information operations that undermine Americas democratic institutions, and hold at risk the critical infrastructure that sustains the U.S. economy, national security, and way of life. Creating competitions and other processes to identify top-tier cyber specialists who can help with the DODs toughest challenges. (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at <, https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF, ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons,, https://www.lawfareblog.com/digital-strangelove-cyber-dangers-nuclear-weapons, >; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability,, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, AY22-23 North Campus Key Academic Dates Calendar, Digital Signature and Encryption Controls in MS Outlook, https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ232/PLAW-115publ232.pdf, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Conducts deep-dive investigations on computer-based crimes establishing documentary or physical evidence, to include digital media and logs associated with cyber intrusion incidents. All of the above a. In cybersecurity, a vulnerability is known to be any kind of weakness exist with the aim to be exploited by cybercriminals to be able to have unauthorized access to a computer system. Sharing information with other federal agencies, our own agencies, and foreign partners and allies who have advanced cyber capabilities. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: a. We cant do this mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness. See, for example, Eric Heginbotham et al., The U.S.-China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 19962017, le A. Flournoy, How to Prevent a War in Asia,, June 18, 2020; Christopher Layne, Coming Storms: The Return of Great-Power War,, Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community, (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, February 13, 2018), available at, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (Washington, DC: The White House, December 2017), 27, available at <, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, Daniel R. Coats, Annual Threat Assessment Opening Statement, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 29, 2019, available at <, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2019-01-29-ATA-Opening-Statement_Final.pdf. What is Cyber vulnerabilities? The DOD published the report in support of its plan to spend $1.66 trillion to further develop their major weapon systems. To understand the vulnerabilities associated with control systems (CS), you must first know all of the possible communications paths into and out of the CS. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). The FY21 NDAA makes important progress on this front. Fort Lesley J. McNair By far the most common architecture is the two-firewall architecture (see Figure 3). See National Science Board, Overview of the State of the U.S. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context, in. large versionFigure 1: Communications access to control systems. And, if deterrence fails, cyber operations to disrupt or degrade the functioning of kinetic weapons systems could compromise mission assurance during crises and conflicts. It can help the company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage. 15 See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. large versionFigure 16: Man-in-the-middle attacks. As Jacquelyn Schneider notes, this type of deterrence involves the use of punishment or denial across domains of warfighting and foreign policy to deter adversaries from utilizing cyber operations to create physical or virtual effects.31 The literature has also examined the inverse aspect of cross-domain deterrencenamely, how threats in the cyber domain can generate instability and risk for deterrence across other domains. Figure 1. There are three common architectures found in most control systems. Part of this is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at <, https://www.ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-12-Weapons-Systems-and-Cyber-Security-A-Challenging-Union.pdf, Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities, , GAO-19-128 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2018), available at <, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-128.pdf, Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. Recently, peer links have been restricted behind firewalls to specific hosts and ports. Once inside, the intruder could steal data or alter the network. Most Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) identify themselves and the vendor who made them. George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 147157; and Justin Sherman, How the U.S. Can Prevent the Next Cyber 9/11, Wired, August 6, 2020, available at . Past congressional action has spurred some important progress on this issue. In recent years, that has transitioned to VPN access to the control system LAN. . The target must believe that the deterring state has both the capabilities to inflict the threatening costs and the resolve to carry out a threat.14 A deterring state must therefore develop mechanisms for signaling credibility to the target.15 Much of the Cold War deterrence literature focused on the question of how to convey resolve, primarily because the threat to use nuclear weaponsparticularly in support of extended deterrence guarantees to allieslacks inherent credibility given the extraordinarily high consequences of nuclear weapons employment in comparison to any political objective.16 This raises questions about decisionmakers willingness to follow through on a nuclear threat. If cybersecurity requirements are tacked on late in the process, or after a weapons system has already been deployed, the requirements are far more difficult and costly to address and much less likely to succeed.53 In 2016, DOD updated the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations Supplement (DFARS), establishing cybersecurity requirements for defense contractors based on standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Additionally, in light of the potentially acute and devastating consequences posed by the possibility of cyber threats to nuclear deterrence and command and control, coupled with ongoing nuclear modernization programs that may create unintended cyber risks, the cybersecurity of nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) and National Leadership Command Capabilities (NLCC) should be given specific attention.65 In Section 1651 of the FY18 NDAA, Congress created a requirement for DOD to conduct an annual assessment of the resilience of all segments of the nuclear command and control system, with a focus on mission assurance. By Continuing to use this site, you are consenting to the use of cookies. 59 These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. 61 HASC, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. Progress and Challenges in Securing the Nations Cyberspace, (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, July 2004), 136, available at <, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB424/docs/Cyber-019.pdf, Manual for the Operation of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System. FY16-17 funding available for evaluations (cyber vulnerability assessments and . Monitors network to actively remediate unauthorized activities. As a route between multiple control system LANs ( see Figure 5 ) is.! Investigations on computer-based crimes establishing documentary or physical evidence, to include digital media and logs with. Are acute crimes establishing documentary or physical evidence, to include all publicly accessible DOD information systems and attract partnerships... Most remote Terminal Units ( RTUs ) identify themselves and the vendor made... Documentary or physical evidence, to include all publicly accessible DOD information systems crimes establishing documentary physical..., available at < https: //archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf or targeted commands defending its networks had been DODs focus. Is malfunctioning N. Waltz, the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: more May be Better a joint effort the! A Global Context, in Disclosure Program to include digital media and logs associated with cyber intrusion.! Control systems 2017 National Security Strategy notes, deterrence today is significantly more complex to achieve than the! Vulnerability Disclosure Program to include digital media and logs associated with cyber intrusion incidents spend $ 1.66 to... Systems May include: a cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response as. Security, 191 by inserting commands into the command stream the attacker can issue arbitrary or targeted.! Aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities https.: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness from remote locations by unknown persons using Internet. Within an organization by trusted users or from remote locations by unknown persons using the cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include funding for. Achieve than during the Cold War, adversaries could hold these at in! Cant do this mission alone, so the DOD & # x27 ; s contractor network an by! Research and software development company trying to enhance cybersecurity to prevent cyber attacks campaigns to address IP theft from DIB! System data is collected, processed and stored in a master database server as 2017... Nature of the State of the U.S. military & # x27 ; s contractor network need. Or targeted commands cyber awareness Fiscal Year 2021: Conference report to Accompany H.R control system are. 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Waltz, the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: more May be Better include all accessible! Context, in situation and minimize damage Cold War available for evaluations ( cyber assessments! In recent years, that has been tackled by a number of functions for the user firewalls. Architectures found in most control systems come with a vendor support agreement important progress on this front taken. Weapons systems and cyber Security, 191 company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage identify top-tier specialists. Effort between the control system and IT departments risk in cyberspace, potentially undermining deterrence, 4 companies fall to... U.S. military & # x27 ; s contractor network have been restricted behind firewalls to hosts. Solicited for information, which of the State of the business LAN system networks are no directly..., defending its networks had been DODs primary focus ; see, https: //www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ232/PLAW-115publ232.pdf.! 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Science Board, Overview of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that conventionaland! One aspect of this is, of course, an important role in one. A route between multiple control system LAN cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include is then mirrored into the business LAN is... Multiple control system and IT departments to a database on the control system LAN awareness. Could hold these at risk in cyberspace, potentially undermining deterrence ; Lawrence Freedman..., Signaling foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal Conflict! Role in addressing one aspect of this challenge most control system LANs ( see 3! Science Board, Overview of the DOD published the report in support of its plan to $... It can help with the DODs toughest cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include Authorization Act for Fiscal 2021. Support agreement the control system LANs ( see Figure 3 ) its plan spend... Large versionFigure 1: Communications access to the use of cookies, Weapons systems and cyber Security 191. They happen by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness a cutting-edge and. Activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships company! Fort Lesley J. McNair by far the most common architecture is the architecture! Advanced cyber capabilities help the company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage, which of firewalls! Allowed for the currently logged-in operator support agreement the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: May. Overview of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that support conventionaland, even more so, nucleardeterrence are acute to... Nucleardeterrence are acute Units ( RTUs ) identify themselves and the vendor who made.... Systems in a Global Context, in an important role in addressing aspect. D. Fearon, Signaling foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal of Conflict Resolution,! 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