[220], The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early, and does not operate on Christmas Day. Piccadilly line capacity could be increased by 60% with 33 trains per hour (tph) at peak times by 2025. It has been shown as two separate stations at different times in the past. [292] Holden's design for the Underground's headquarters building at 55 Broadway included avant-garde sculptures by Jacob Epstein, Eric Gill and Henry Moore.[293][294]. The trains often break down, have to be withdrawn from service at short notice and at times are not available when required, leading to gaps in service at peak times. According to Ruth Artmonsky, over 150 women artists were commissioned by Pick and latterly Christian Barman to design posters for London Underground, London Transport and London County Council Tramways. Part closures: Saturday 17-Friday 23 December and Saturday 11-Sunday 19 February. [72], On 1 January 1970 responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government, in the form of the Greater London Council (GLC), and the London Transport Board was abolished. The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls. [89], Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was first introduced in 2003,[90] with payment using contactless banks cards introduced in September 2014. The other names listed may have been used previously on station signage, on network maps, in advertisements or in planning material . By Rohan Gupta. LONDON UNDERGROUND LINES & STATIONS THE BAKERLOO LINE The Bakerloo Line was opened in 1906 and is fourteen and a half miles long. [125] Since the early 1960s all passenger trains have been electric multiple units with sliding doors[126] and a train last ran with a guard in 2000. [81], In April 1994, the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line, was transferred to the London Underground. 14:18, Tue [16] The Underground first started accepting contactless debit and credit cards in September 2014. [14] Contactless bank card payments were introduced in 2014,[15] the first such use on a public transport system.[16]. On 19 August 2016, London Underground launched a 24-hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly, Northern and Jubilee lines starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening. [243] Mobile phone apps and services have been developed to help passengers claim their refund more efficiently. [154] Lift and escalators are abundant with advertising posters which can be used for artistic purposes due to the nature of their layout. [39] In the early 20th century, the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system, the two companies co-operating because of the shared ownership of the inner circle. build the 'Thameslink 2' to Stratford via Greenwich, Canary Wharf and Bromley-by-Bow to take pressure off the DLR, and then go up to Stansted Airport where . [146] In the 1920s and 1930s many lifts were replaced by escalators. Clapham Common. [38] There were other reports claiming beneficial outcomes of using the Underground, including the designation of Great Portland Street as a "sanatorium for [sufferers of ] asthma and bronchial complaints", tonsillitis could be cured with acid gas and the Twopenny Tube cured anorexia. [244], London Underground is authorised to operate trains by the Office of Rail Regulation. [13] The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster card, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. [41][42] When the "Bakerloo" was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified "gutter title". Coming in second for length and second for number of stations it serves (53), just like the ride itself this line is very much the second 2 Metropolitan line - 66.7km. Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained, and in the mid-1980s the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced. [268], While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the trademark of the London General Omnibus Company registered in 1905, it was first used on the Underground in 1908 when the UERL placed a solid red circle behind station nameboards on platforms to highlight the name. The Piccadilly line will be part of the New Tube for London Project. ", "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2011/12", "Contactless payment on London Underground", "Licencing London's contactless ticketing system", "Design in Relation to the Problem: The London Underground", "Celebrities of Advertising II: Frank Pick", "Frank Pick and his Influence on Design in England", "Tribute to Bank Tube station bomb victims of 1941", "Bethnal Green Tube disaster marked 70 years on", "In Living Memory, Series 11: The 1975 Moorgate tube disaster", "Kings Cross Tragedy Means Safety First For London Underground", "Elizabeth Line "more mannered" than Jubilee predecessor says head of architecture", "About TfL How we work How we are governed Subsidiary companies", "A brief history of the Underground London Underground milestones", "London tube introduces contactless payments", "Services - 541858-2020 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily", "London 2012: Games bring record London Underground users", "London Underground breaks the record again for busiest day ever on the Tube", "Elizabeth line: What is Crossrail and when does it open? Kings Cross-St Pancras has the most lines, Baker Street has the most platforms, Bank-Monument is the biggest complex. The Hammersmith & City and Circle lines share stations and most of their track with each other, as well as with the Metropolitan and District lines. [218] Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day.[221]. The first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line. Likewise, Southwark follows at 21m, Elephant & Castle at 18m, followed by Pimlico at 16m . [22] To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. [171], New S Stock trains have been introduced on the sub-surface (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle) lines. 4 Northern line - 58km. [74] In 1976 the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park, a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident. [192], The Underground received 2.669billion in fares in 2016/17 and uses Transport for London's zonal fare system to calculate fares. It also depends on an absence of turbulence in the tunnel headspace. [247] A special staff training facility was opened at West Ashfield tube station in TFL's Ashfield House, West Kensington in 2010 at a cost of 800,000. [249] Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits, often referred to as 'suicide pits', beneath the track. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) was established in 1902 to fund the electrification of the District Railway and to complete and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, which opened in 1906-07. [271] Frank Pick, impressed by the Paris Metro, thought the solid red disc cumbersome and took a version where the disc became a ring from a 1915 Sharland poster and gave it to Edward Johnston to develop, and registered the symbol as a trademark in 1917. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette,[302] at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, [303] and at Charing Cross, David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross. Devised in 1933 by Harry Beck, the London Underground map is a 20th-century design classic. These lines have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks, except for the Uxbridge branch of the Piccadilly line, which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge; and the Bakerloo line, which shares track with London Overground's Watford DC Line for its aboveground section north of Queen's Park. [186][187] The fully automated trains may be able to run without drivers,[188] but the ASLEF and RMT trade unions that represent the drivers strongly oppose this, saying it would affect safety. [241] Passengers are entitled to a refund if their journey is delayed by 15minutes or more due to circumstances within the control of TfL,[242] and in 2010, 330,000 passengers out of a potential 11million Tube passengers claimed compensation for delays. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. [286] Green pioneered using building design to guide passengers with direction signs on tiled walls, with the stations given a unique identity with patterns on the platform walls. This line is important in this project because it currently provides a less frequent service than other lines. The 11 new stations were designed to be "Future-proof", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. These were all delivered by 2017. [227] The stations on the Jubilee Line Extension, opened in 1999, were the first stations on the system designed with accessibility in mind, but retrofitting accessibility features to the older stations is a major investment that is planned to take over twenty years. A notice was published on 28 February 2014 in the Official Journal of the European Union asking for expressions of interest in building the trains. Small changes to the Tube network occurred in the 2000s, with extensions to Heathrow Terminal 5, new station at Wood Lane and the Circle line changed from serving a closed loop around the centre of London to a spiral also serving Hammersmith in 2009. [248], In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had died by suicide in the previous year on the London Underground, up from 46 in 2000. A control room for the sub-surface network has been built in Hammersmith and an automatic train control (ATC) system is to replace ageing signalling equipment dating from between the mid-1920s and late 1980s, including the signal cabin at Edgware Road, the control room at Earl's Court, and the signalling centre at Baker Street. [134] A 2000 study reported that air quality was seventy-three times worse than at street level, with a passenger inhaling the same mass of particulates during a twenty-minute journey on the Northern line as when smoking a cigarette. [83], In 2000, Transport for London (TfL) was created as an integrated body responsible for London's transport system. The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. [319][320] By the time London Transport was formed in 1933 the UERL was considered a patron of the arts[312] and over 1000 works were commissioned in the 1930s, such as the cartoon images of Charles Burton and Kauffer's later abstract cubist and surrealist images. Victoria) London Overground & Bakerloo line. [339] Analysis of the Underground as a network may also be helpful for setting safety priorities, since the stations targeted in the 2005 London bombings were amongst the most effective for disrupting the transportation system. [246] As of 2015[update] there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred. [96][97] Many Overground stations interchange with Underground ones, and Overground lines were added onto the Tube map. [296] Few new stations were built in the 50 years after 1948, but Misha Black was appointed design consultant for the 1960s Victoria line, contributing to the line's uniform look,[297] with each station having an individual tile motif. [37] The Metropolitan even encouraged beards for staff to act as an air filter. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. [124], London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains. [157] It was not previously possible to use mobile phones on most parts of the Underground (excluding services running overground or occasionally sub-surface, depending on the phone and carrier) using native 2G, 3G or 4G networks, and a project to extend coverage before the 2012 Olympics was abandoned because of commercial and technical difficulties. [144] Each lift was staffed, and at some quiet stations in the 1920s the ticket office was moved into the lift, or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office. The entire Victoria line was suspended from 7am, before . Its first section opened in 1863,[1] making it the oldest underground metro system in the world although approximately 55% of the current network is above ground,[2] as it generally runs on the surface in outlying suburbs. [163], A southern extension of the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle has been proposed multiple times since the line opened. [231][232], As of January2022[update], there are 90 stations with step-free access from platform to train,[154][233][234] and there are plans to provide step-free access at another 11 stations by 2024. [168][169] In 2019, the Canary Wharf Group suggested the construction of a new rail line between Euston and Canary Wharf, to improve connections to the future High Speed 2 railway. The line is predicted to run a maximum of 27 trains per hour, a 25% increase on the current 21 trains per hour during peak periods. This system depends on adequate cross-sectional area of the airspace above the passengers heads in the foot tunnels and escalators, where laminar airflow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius, the HagenPoiseuille equation. [203] Fares for single journeys are cheaper than paper tickets, and a daily cap limits the total cost in a day to the price of a Day Travelcard. The Northern line operates at roughly 8-minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross, and at 15-minute intervals between Camden Town and Edgware and between Camden Town and High Barnet. [178][179], The line was upgraded with five new 1992-stock trains in the early 1990s, at the same time as the Central line was upgraded. [146] The escalators had a diagonal shunt at the top landing. Harlesden . [87] Despite this, substantial investment to upgrade and modernise the Tube has taken place - with new trains (such as London Underground S7 and S8 Stock), new signalling, upgraded stations (such as King's Cross St Pancras) and improved accessibility (such as at Green Park). Download free London travel maps of the London Underground and other public transport routes. In others, such as British Museum, all evidence of the station has been lost through demolition. Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 station is between the terminals, which are a few minutes' walk away via pedestrian subway. The alterations to the ventilation system are important, not only to heat exchange, but also the quality of the air at platform level, particularly given its asbestos content. A fresh London Tube strike has caused chaos in the capital the day after the Platinum Jubilee bank holiday, with 10 London Underground lines affected. London Underground patronage by line in 201617, Underground Electric Railways Company era, Services using former and current main lines, Sub-surface lines (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle), The Metropolitan and District railways joint inner circle service started in the shape of a horseshoe, a complete loop was formed in 1884. [73], On 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. Fast and semi-fast services operate only during peak hours; southbound only in the mornings, northbound only in the evenings. Passengers may not get on the first train[236] and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains,[237] some trains having more than four passengers every square metre. The line runs 34 trains per hour for half an hour in the morning peak but is unable to operate more frequently because of a lack of additional trains. [290] The Met's architect Charles Walter Clark had used a neo-classical design for rebuilding Baker Street and Paddington Praed Street stations before the First World War and, although the fashion had changed, continued with Farringdon in 1923. This list includes all stations on the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway. 1. London Underground also plans to add up to an additional 18 trains to the current fleet of 63 trains of 1996 stock. Blind Ultimate Minefield: Europe. [308] Johnston was adopted systemwide after the formation of the LPTB in 1933 and the LT wordmark was applied to locomotives and carriages. [108] Trains generally run on the left-hand track. ", "Elizabeth line: almost 50 years in the planning for Crossrail timeline", "Elizabeth line: Crossrail complete after decades of struggle", "Coronavirus: 40 London Underground stations to be closed", "London Underground: Nine Elms and Battersea Power Station set to open", "Northern Line extension: Two new Tube stations open", "150 London Underground facts (including the birth of Jerry Springer in East Finchley station)", "Which London Underground line is the fastest? This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walk-through trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [138] In 2012, air-cooling units were installed on platforms at Green Park station using cool deep groundwater and at Oxford Circus using chiller units at the top of an adjacent building. The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes fare inspectors with hand-held Oyster-card readers. At peak times, there are more than 543 trains whizzing around the Capital. [318], The Johnston Sans letter font began appearing on posters from 1917. [107][109], The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: a conductor rail between the rails is energised at210V and a rail outside the running rails at +420V, giving a potential difference of 630V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails. [42] By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In some places, the tunnels are above each other (for example, the Central line east of St Paul's station), or the running tunnels are on the right (for example on the Victoria line between Warren Street and King's Cross St. Pancras, to allow cross-platform interchange with the Northern line at Euston). In the original Tube design, trains passing through close fitting tunnels act as pistons to create air pressure gradients between stations. [143], Originally access to the deep-tube platforms was by a lift. [261] He presented his original draft in 1931, and after initial rejection it was first printed in 1933. [212] Since 2010, the Freedom Pass has included an embedded holder's photograph; it lasts five years between renewals. Railways had electrified the Underground first started accepting contactless debit and credit cards in September 2014 Underground first started contactless... 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