The song 'Alexander the Great' by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is indicative. At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons. [61] Alexander then set out on his Asian campaign, leaving Antipater as regent. [183] Diodorus, Curtius and Justin offered the more plausible story that Alexander passed his signet ring to Perdiccas, a bodyguard and leader of the companion cavalry, in front of witnesses, thereby nominating him. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. As in Tyre, men of military age were put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery. Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian from the first century AD, who wrote the Histories of Alexander the Great, gives this account of Alexander sitting on the throne of Darius III: Then Alexander seating himself on the royal throne, which was far too high for his bodily stature. During his brief months in Egypt, he reformed the taxation system on the Greek models and organized the military occupation of the country, but, early in 331 BC, he left for Asia in pursuit of the Persians. [53], Alexander stopped at Thermopylae, where he was recognized as the leader of the Amphictyonic League before heading south to Corinth. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. )", East-West Orientation of Historical Empires, "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Pella (Khirbet Fahil) Jordan", "Pausanias, Description of Greece, *korinqiaka/, chapter 1, section 5", "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. Myelin is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. WebFind your Area of Focus. With Anthony Hopkins, David Bedella, Jessie Kamm, Angelina Jolie. Trending. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. [72] [144][244] This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months. [309] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. Persian coins continued to circulate in all the satrapies of the empire.[119]. Although his successors explicitly rejected such policies, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states. Computer Science. This cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen, and he eventually abandoned it. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian", "Philostratus the Athenian, Vita Apollonii, book 2, chapter 12", "NZ scientist's detective work may reveal how Alexander died", "Was the death of Alexander the Great due to poisoning? [161], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. [246] This episode is also told by Plutarch, probably based on the same source. It appears that the Egyptian people did not find it disturbing that he was a foreigner - nor that he was absent for virtually his entire reign. Vocabulary. [143] During his visit to Pasargadae, Alexander ordered his architect Aristobulus to decorate the interior of the sepulchral chamber of Cyrus's tomb. [261], The city of Pella, in modern Jordan, was founded by veterans of Alexander's army, and named it after the city of Pella, in Greece, which was the birthplace of Alexander. WebAlexander is a male given name.The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Aleksander and Aleksandr.Related names and diminutives include Iskandar, Alec, Alek, Alex, Alexandre, [181] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "ti kratisti""to the strongest". WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. [32] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. [144] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon along with a decree for public mourning. [16] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. [132], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. [22], During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III. Heracles and Zeus were important deities for the Macedonians, with Heracles considered to be the ancestor of the Temenid dynasty and Zeus the patron of the main Macedonian sanctuary, Dium. His father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds. [152], The strongest argument against the poison theory is the fact that twelve days passed between the start of his illness and his death; such long-acting poisons were probably not available. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by "[123] A similar slaughter followed at Ora. First published Mon Oct 13, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 19, 2017. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. [169] Perhaps more likely, the successors may have seen possession of the body as a symbol of legitimacy, since burying the prior king was a royal prerogative. [51] Alexander spared Arrhidaeus, who was by all accounts mentally disabled, possibly as a result of poisoning by Olympias. This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Alexander. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace. [292], In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. CITY PARK. UPCOMING EVENTS. [310], The figure of Dhul-Qarnayn (literally "the Two-Horned One") mentioned in the Quran is believed by scholars to be based on later legends of Alexander. "[305], In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. [195], When faced with opponents who used unfamiliar fighting techniques, such as in Central Asia and India, Alexander adapted his forces to his opponents' style. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia is known as one of the greatest generals in all history. "[102], Alexander viewed Bessus as a usurper and set out to defeat him. [112], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. FIRE DEPT. Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. [135] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert. Apelles, however, in painting him as wielder of the thunder-bolt, did not reproduce his complexion, but made it too dark and swarthy. HOME. [67], From Halicarnassus, Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia and the Pamphylian plain, asserting control over all coastal cities to deny the Persians naval bases. None of Alexander's contemporaries, however, are known to have explicitly described Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion as sexual, though the pair was often compared to Achilles and Patroclus, whom classical Greek culture painted as a couple. [31], Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. [153][162], Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. [116] Alexander minted gold staters, silver tetradrachms and drachims, and various fractional bronze coins. [117] The silver coinage had a beardless head of Heracles wearing a lionskin headdress on the obverse and Zeus aetophoros ('eagle bearer') enthroned with a scepter in his left hand, on the reverse. [272] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. [130], East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. [116] However, the lion was also the symbolic animal of the Anatolian god Sandas, worshipped at Tarsus. [166] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. [222] This was no doubt in part due to Aristotle's tutelage; Alexander was intelligent and quick to learn. Throughout time, art objects related to Alexander were being created. See All Asian Studies. Alexander proceeded to take possession of Syria, and most of the coast of the Levant. Buy Now. The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. More. [19], When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. [295] Caligula, who could not swim,[296] then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. [69] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword. Biology. This is the most popular grill steak in the country. Alexander of Aphrodisias. [14], On the day Alexander was born, Philip was preparing a siege on the city of Potidea on the peninsula of Chalcidice. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. [149] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim. [131] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, p 220. [284] Polybius began his Histories by reminding Romans of Alexander's achievements, and thereafter Roman leaders saw him as a role model. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. [273] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek. [307], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. Then Philip, taking Attalus's part, rose up and would have run his son through; but by good fortune for them both, either his over-hasty rage, or the wine he had drunk, made his foot slip, so that he fell down on the floor. [88] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. [310] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. Gender: Alexander is frequently used as a boy name. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). Vocabulary. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. [99] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. [13] Plutarch stated that Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. [116], Alexander did not attempt to impose uniform imperial coinage throughout his new conquests. [a] He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia and Egypt. [181] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. [231] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, which was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes;[102] however the practise of proskynesis was disapproved by the Macedonians, and they were unwilling to perform it. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important victory over Porus, an ancient Indian king of present-day Punjab, at the Battle of the Hydaspes. [102] Pierre Briant explains that Alexander realized that it was insufficient to merely exploit the internal contradictions within the imperial system as in Asia Minor, Babylonia or Egypt; he also had to (re)create a central government with or without the support of the Iranians. After a long pause due to an illness, he marched on towards Syria. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. ", "Alexander the Great poisoned by the River Styx", "Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis", "Why Alexander the Great May Have Been Declared Dead Prematurely (It's Pretty Gruesome)", "The Location of the Tomb: Facts and Speculation", "The Aftermath: The Burial of Alexander the Great", "Greeks captivated by Alexander-era tomb at Amphipolis", "Archaeologist claims opulent grave in Greece honored Alexander the Great's best friend", "Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb", "Plutarch, Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata, ", "Plutarch, De Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute, chapter 2, section 4", "CNG: eAuction 430. Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund,[121] supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality. 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