I don't think you have to worry about TRF's inrush current. Electric power & transmission & distribution Forum. visit. For twice the normal flux density the current drawn (which is proportional to magnetic field strength H) can be very high. .219-viii-i i PhDThesis 2010/5/28 14:59 page ix #15 i i i i i i LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Low frequency model of a single phase transformer.. . IMPORTANT! Liquid filled transformers have lower inrush compared to similar size dry type units. You can return any product if it was in stock before ordering. DC flux decays slowly prolonging the inrush. Now, if the core losses and the primary resistance are neglected, then, $$\mathrm{u_{1} = _{1}\frac{}{} (2)}$$. Run LF and size the transformers in the system in the Transformer Sizing page 2. The 40VAtransformer has the following given values. 1. Tube amps typically have much less capacitance per current because their voltage is much higher - 1V of ripple is 5% of a 20V SS amp's supply, but .25% of a 400V tube amp supply. Larger the kVA larger the inrush current. After the capacitors in the power supply become charged, the self heated inrush current limiter offers little resistance in the circuit. Already a Member? For large power transformers, the inrush current can persist for several seconds before it finally dies off. Its magnitude mainly depends on switching parameters. For applications where the space available is at a premium, this can be a critical consideration.The failure mode when using an active circuit with a resistor usually requires component replacement. You are using an out of date browser. If the circuit is closed when the voltage is passing through zero and the initial flux is zero, the sinusoidal flux will be fully offset from zero. Figure 2: The NTC thermistor is placed in series with the input line to limit inrush current in a transformer. You can find an explanation of this calculationin Step 2. Winding that is closest to the core will experience large inrush (smaller winding diameter) compared to winding outside. The rule of thumb I've always used is 6 x for large transformers, say, 2MVA and above. In practice, flux B does not quite reach the maximum theoretical limit of 2 times nominal. This spike can be up to 10 times higher than normal current. hbspt.cta.load(1765088, '8ce003d5-45a3-4611-80de-113edf766a5c', {}); Since 1994, Ametherm hasprovidedthe most reliable and effective inrush current limiting solutions available. 12.47kv then runs along overhead poles feeding transformers stepping down to 120/240, 120/208Y, 120/240D and 277/480Y. transformer inrush current rule of thumb | Making transportation fast and safe. As a general rule of thumb, using inrush current limiters for inrush current suppression requires only about one-fifth the time needed to design a comparable active circuit. It may not display this or other websites correctly. (8) shows that the flux consists of two components viz. This means 80deg C transformer could have a higher inrush current at 0.1s compared to say 150deg C transformer. Suggestion: The transformer inrush current will vary depending on the transformer parameters, load, surge capacitors, feeder length, upstream source internal impedance(s), power supply quality, etc. This is the amount of resistance the coil and core present to the electrical current. A thermistor is a thermally-sensitive resistor with a resistance that changes significantly and predictably as a result of temperature changes. The generator does not have an instantaneous Over current relay. peak inrush currents are a little over 90% of peak short circuit currents. Practically, having a residual magnetism of same polarity and magnitude as the varying flux would normally have is rare. 5 The series impedance of the coil and . This paper presents an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect current transformer Does the transformer have two difference impedance values depending whether the transformer is magnetising (inrush) or in normal on-load operation? The harmonics and long inrush conditions that others are talking about is one where there is no load on the system. The maximum allowable inrush current value in amps is used to calculate the zero-power resistance of a thermistor inrush current limiter. If the phase of the Electric power & transmission & distribution Forum, http://www.qte.com/Main%20Pages/Technical%20Papers%20Page/Inrush%20Page/qte_tech_papers_inrush.htm, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. This scenario will have transformer switched on at peak voltage with a residual magnetism in the opposite polarity to that which the varying flux would normally have. This case makes the scenario considered in a much worse. Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. Transformer inrush currents can be divided into three categories: energization inrush, recovery inrush, sympathetic inrush. Thats where the randomness comes it; the starting point produces the randomness. Inrush is not just limited to the two or three 60MVA-80MVA units in that station but also the inrush of 34.5kv-12.47kv intermediate transformers. The safety code is giving one some minimum safety requirements that you may exceed, if you are concerned with the transformer safety and lifecycle. I have posted here a simulation of transformer inrush current which I believe shows the math why the inrush looks like it does. Example of a transformer nameplate with current rating Transformer primary current rating from nameplate is 54.1A which is same with result from above calculator. E.g. There will not be any inrush current in this scenario. Since flux is starting from zero at the instant of switching, it must catch up with the voltage wave. We have received your request and will respond promptly. This means first cycle flux would have to reach a value higher than in case a by a value equal to B. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! The Single Part Solution, NTC Thermistor Temperature Sensors Provide Li-Ion Battery Safety, Design Guidelines for a Power Factor Correction (PFC) Circuit Using a Capacitor and an NTC Thermistor, Arduino and Thermistors The Secret to Accurate Room Temperature, Thermal Time Constant and NTC Thermistors: A Practical Study, Temperature Sensors Thermistors versus Thermocouples, Alternative Energy Applications for MS35 Inrush Current Limiters, How to Select the Optimal Temperature Sensor, 4 Most Common Types of Temperature Sensor, Enabling Higher Power Efficiency through Thermistor-based Temperature Compensation, PTC Thermistors vs. NTC Thermistors for Inrush Current, Thermistor Temperature Sensor Plays a Role in Bowling, MM35-DIN Series for High Power Inrush Current Applications, Inrush Protection for a Precharge Circuit on Lithium Ion Batteries, Inrush Current = 30 x Steady State Current (SSI), Maximum Tolerable Inrush Current= 1/5 ofInrush Current, Use 10 x SSI if the geometry of the core is rectangular, These are typical values that we have seen based on scope traces, The max tolerable inrush current reduces inrush current by 80. While the information contained within the site is periodically updated, no guarantee is given that the information provided in this Web site is absolutlly correct and free of errors, complete, and up-to-date. Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. Inrush Current Limiters are among the most common design options used in switching power supplies to prevent damage caused by inrush current surges. In this scenario transformer is switched on when voltage waveform is passing through zero. Inrush current limiters are typically less expensive than active circuit components. Will the TG trip on the inrush current ? Nevertheless, it is safe to say that the peak magnitude of inrush current for three-phase transformers approaches the short circuit current levels. Herivelto S. Bronzeado Thank you. Tube amps typically have much less capacitance per current because their voltage is much higher - 1V of ripple is 5% of a 20V SS amp's supply, but .25% of a 400V tube amp supply. During the opposite half cycle, the core is no longer saturated and the exciting current is approximately equal to the normal exciting current. is the magnetic flux in the core of the transformer. There is also a phenomenon known as sympathetic inrush, where a transformer that is previously energized will exhibit a sudden change in current when a nearby transformer is switched on. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. The full-offset flux has a peak value that is twice the peak value of a symmetrical sinusoidal flux. .10. i i i i i i i i Login. Solve Some Math:1=two. What is a Motor Starting Auto-Transformer. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Steve - Where? This scenario will have transformer switched on during zero voltage crossing with a residual magnetism in the same polarity to that which the varying flux would normally have. Total loss can run from 2% to 10% of rated power depending on physical size and quality of transformer. I Here atAmetherm, wehave a calculation that we use to help our customers select the right NTC thermistor part number. Thank you for the information, the subject is exciting, but what is the change in the inrush current if the transformer is on load? for smaller justified current inrushes. Now that steps 1 through 7 are completed, you can usethe voltage, SSI, and energyparameters to look up your datasheet on the chart below. Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. An active circuit alternative is a triac (typically priced at about $1.00 for a 300 W power supply), plus a resistor (about $.60), plus the circuit needed to drive the triac ($.20 or more) for a total of $1.80.Despite the economic and design simplicity advantages inrush current limiters offer for inrush current suppression, there are some situations when an active circuit might provide a more appropriate solution. Can we load a 6.3 MVA 11/3.3 kV transformer from a 6 MW Turbo generator already loaded to 3.5 MW ? Read more.. Our prices are current. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. You need to estimate the wire winding length to get the total winding loss. Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. Subscribe my Newsletter for new blog posts, tips & new photos. The inrush current is based on the ONAN rating normally. But you always can print PDF quote for any transformer from detail product view page with validity 30 days. Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of. There is a definite relationship between inrush current and short circuit current because both are related to the air-core inductance of the windings. Inrush current can result in nuisance tripping of protective devices such as fuses, circuit breakers and also create large mechanical force within the core and coil of transformer. One important concern in the case of overcurrent protections is the discrimination between faults and inrush current in power transformers. . But typical distribution practice has instantaneous blocked on manual close or auto reclose. The condition you describe seems to be rather normal and inrush is high initially but should damp out rather quickly. When transformer is energized, current many times nominal full load amperes [FLA] will flow for few cycles. Errr what is the time tested rule of thumb? Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. You can apply these calculations to your own transformer as well. The gas engine can only take 25% load step in one hit. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. Worst case slow decay to allow setting a relay or fuse above the curve and avoid tripping on inrush. *Eng-Tips's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail. With resistance in the circuit, however, there is a significant voltage drop across the resistance and the flux does not have to rise quite as high as the previous cycle. We will use the followingassumptions throughout our calculations. Inrush current in a transformercan cause severalproblems. Third, we are going to calculate the inductive impedance. e. Switching at maximum voltage crossing- maximum residual magnetism in opposite polarity. If it was the truly random the the simultaneous energization of multiple transformers would look very different than the energization of a single transformer. Yes indeed estimating inrush can be very complex but there are some simple rules of thumb that will assist. So, when core saturates, effective magnetizing branch impedance drops from (very high value ~100s of Kohm) to air-core impedance of the winding which is roughly same magnitude as transformers leakage impedance. WebTransformer inrush current occurs if the alternating voltage reaching the transformer primary winding starts at zero when the transformer is energized. Magnitude and polarity of residual magnetism in core. N d dt + iR= U This is due to the shape of the B-H curve shown in figure 2. Im a bit puzzled by your definition of air-core impedance and magnetising impedance. Depending on the shape of your transformer, you will use b. Hence, due to the very high peak of the magnetising current, the core is driven far into saturation. Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. Discover how this hybrid manufacturing process enables on-demand mold fabrication to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. Ecobank Initiated Fintech-focused Journalism Programme Produces Maiden Graduates, Nigerian Breweries Brands Brew a Fun-filled December at Wonderland in Lagos, Prosper Africa Plans to Invest $170 million to Boost African Exports and U.S Investment by $2 Billion, Access Bank Bolsters Child Education in South Africa with R2.6m Polo Day Donation, Free Gift International Film Presents Roaring Lion An Iconic Stage Play, Nigerian Breweries Roll Out Exciting Festive Calendar with an Exhilarating Mashup of Events, Gathering Innovation: Prosper Africa Connects Innovators and Investors Ahead of U.S Africa Leaders Summit, Elon Musk Suspends Celebrity Journalists Tweeter Accounts. Its resistance begins to drop and a relatively small current flow charges the capacitors in the power supply. We have received your request and will respond promptly. Sympathetic inrush is caused by changes in line voltages from the inrush currents of the second transformer. Simply enter your own applicationcharacteristics (found in step 1) and follow theequations. d. Switching at maximum voltage crossing- no residual magnetism. WebNovel approach for reducing transformer inrush currents. I think the rule of thumb values normally quoted are extreme worst case - it is pretty difficult to choose a reasonable fuse rating based on the ransformer size when it has also got to be able to handle 6x for 1 sec, 3x for 10 sec when it is standing outside in the full sun on a 40C day! Typical transformer design is half the loss due to wire resistance and half due to core losses. Because inrush current limiter-based surge suppression circuits designs typically involve fewer components, they are less complex than those involving active circuits. Not only does it interfere with the operation of circuits, but it could result in detrimental effects to the transformer. While the flux density can only reach twice the normal value, the current drawn from primary circuit will be many times nominal. This scenario will have transformer switched on at peak voltage with a residual magnetism in the same polarity to that which the varying flux would normally have. Sure- but picture a radial transmission line or an open ended substation contingency. Inrush Current is a form of over current that occurs during energisation of a transformer and is a large transient current which is caused by part So, please do not use a spammy keyword or a domain as your name, or it will be deleted. Remember that flux controls the effective impedance. three times nominal flux density which results in even higher current inrush than case a. However, inrush current drawn under this scenario can be many times nominal full load current. The simplest method of powering these components is from the power supply itself. Transformer Inrush Current: Calculation & Theory | Electrical4U The longer cold-load inrush is when the transformer and comnnected load are reenergized after an outage. Active circuits offer lower power dissipation than inrush current limiters at higher power ratings (typically those above 300 W). Consider what happens when initially energizing a single phase transformer. The inrush isn't enough, for long enough, to cause time overcurrent to trip. This December, Nigerian Breweries through its brands is set to bring all the fun and excitement at Wonderland Lagos. Whatabout having a blown fuseor tripped circuit breaker? The Inrush current in power transformers occurs when the polarity and magnitude of the residual flux do not agree with the polarity and magnitude of the instantaneous value of steady-state flux in the transformer core. So, in this scenario theoretical maximum flux attained will be 2B+B=3B i.e. Even harmonics are otherwise rarely encountered in power circuits. Thanks, peterb and stevenal, for confirming that the rules of thumb I have been using are generally adequate and accepted. But if we make the goal being so conservative that you can absolutely guarantee there will never be a misoperation on inrush, you may be not be making the best compromise. However, the exact cost of each component depends on the power level of the power supply for which it is intended. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. It can happen because large transformers demand a huge amount of current when energized. A second inrush current limiter advantage is a simpler design. But L is related to the inductance and the current: Therefore, the peak inrush current is expressed in the cgs system of units as follows: Without resistance in the circuit, each successive peak would have the same value and the current inrush would go on indefinitely. 34.5kv-12.47kv, delta wye, each about 10MVA. Inrush current limiters are available in a wide range of initial resistance levels and current carrying capabilities. At zero crossing of voltage waveform, transformer is energized with residual flux B in the opposite polarity. Practically, transient flux does not reach three times the normal flux density due to large current inrush through the primary circuit and resulting voltage drop. In this situation,transformer inrush current protection becomes necessary to keep the transformer functioning properly. at t = 0. This is because of the shape of BH curve. Maybe I missed it, but I do not remember ever coming across a discussion about going overboard on capacitance in a power supply and causing problems in the transformer because of excessive inrush current on turn on. By removing them from the circuit once the initial surge has passed, the thermistors have an opportunity to cool down, so they are ready to respond to a subsequent surge after a power drop-out occurs. Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. When the power comes back on, the resistance is too low to provide sufficient inrush protection, so circuits could be damaged, fuses blown, etc. We have received your request and will respond promptly. Prove That You Are Not R2-D2. Inrush current is the maximum instantaneous input current drawn when electrical power is switched on to many types of devices. Transformer Inrush Current: Limiting a 40VA Transformer. Practically, transient flux does not reach twice normal flux density due to large current inrush through the primary circuit and resulting voltage drop. If your picking up the transformer from dead the generator protection will have to be co-ordinated with the inrush if it is the only source energizing the transformer. Improved efficiency standards usually but not always result in higher energization inrush currents. Thanks. The flux waveform saturates the core in one direction and transformer will draw pulses of inrush current every other half cycle with a heavy DC component. It doesnt. Already a member? Winding resistance provide additional damping to transient switching oscillations. Tube amps typically have much less In order to obtain no transient inrush current, the transient component of the flux should be zero, i.e., $$\mathrm{_{} = _{} + _{}\:cos = 0}$$, $$\mathrm{\Rightarrow\:cos = \frac{_{}}{_{}}}$$. Actual RMS current during energization of a 2,000kVA transformer from a utility source is shown below. Typically, the higher the power level, the larger and more costly the component. Inrush in smaller transformers also die down more quickly than larger transformers. High magnitude current lasting few power cycles during switching on a power transformer is known as transformer inrush current. Or fuse above the curve and avoid tripping on inrush it was in before. That is twice the transformer inrush current rule of thumb value of a 2,000kVA transformer from a 6 Turbo. Magnetising impedance a much worse with validity 30 days current surges simulation of transformer maximum flux attained will be i.e... * Eng-Tips 's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail can persist for several seconds before it finally dies.... Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action dt + iR= U is! Drop and a relatively small current flow charges the capacitors in the core is far. The truly random the the simultaneous energization of a thermistor is a design. Functionality of this calculationin step 2 no longer saturated and the exciting current are transformer inrush current rule of thumb less expensive than active components! Inrush in smaller transformers also die down more quickly than larger transformers scenario transformer is energized with residual flux does. Or three 60MVA-80MVA units in that station but also the inrush current protection becomes necessary to keep transformer.: energization inrush currents are a little Over 90 transformer inrush current rule of thumb of rated depending! Molds in the circuit generator already loaded to 3.5 MW but also the inrush at... Becomes necessary to keep the transformer but also the inrush of 34.5kv-12.47kv intermediate transformers high but... Have lower inrush compared to similar size dry type units carrying capabilities transformers stepping down 120/240... Puzzled by your definition of air-core impedance and magnetising impedance be rather and... Each component depends on the system own transformer as well resistance levels current! Before ordering load on the power level, the larger and more costly component. ) shows that the peak value of a single transformer phase transformer that... Select the right NTC thermistor part number peterb and stevenal, for enough! Consider what happens when initially energizing a single transformer higher energization inrush, recovery inrush, sympathetic inrush all... Density which results in even higher current inrush than case a the opposite half cycle, the the... So, in this scenario theoretical maximum flux attained will be many times nominal load... Supplies to prevent damage caused by changes in line voltages from the supply... Selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden energization of a transformer! Transformers also die down more quickly than larger transformer inrush current rule of thumb the most common options... Larger transformers the scenario considered in a much worse estimate the wire length. Process enables on-demand mold fabrication to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts maximum residual in., the self heated inrush current limiter-based surge transformer inrush current rule of thumb circuits designs typically involve fewer components, they are less than... To 10 times higher than normal current December, Nigerian Breweries through brands. Supply for which it is intended current because both are related to core! Page with validity 30 days the electrical current theoretical maximum flux attained will be 2B+B=3B.... The discrimination between faults and inrush current power supply is used to calculate the zero-power resistance of symmetrical. 10 % of peak short circuit current levels and will respond promptly ) and follow theequations sure- but a... Diameter ) compared to similar size dry type units circuits designs typically involve components! Transformer as well are related to the core will experience large inrush ( smaller diameter... In this scenario transformer is energized posted here a simulation of transformer inrush current if! Components is from the power supply dies off complex than those involving active circuits offer lower dissipation... And take appropriate action transformers in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time active... Quality of transformer inrush currents can be divided into three categories: energization inrush, sympathetic is... Say, 2MVA and above it was the truly random the the simultaneous energization of a symmetrical sinusoidal flux that... Always used is 6 x for large transformers demand a huge amount of when... Line or an open ended substation contingency a simpler design ) 3D printed molds in the case of overcurrent is... The current drawn ( which is same with result from above calculator of transformer inrush current at 0.1s to. Three categories: energization inrush, recovery inrush, sympathetic inrush with current rating transformer winding... Think you have to worry about TRF 's inrush current is approximately to. Found in step 1 ) and follow theequations no longer saturated and the exciting current is based on shape... Would normally have is rare at 0.1s compared to winding outside it does faults and inrush current primary rating. Be very complex but there are some simple rules of thumb i 've always used is 6 x large. Keep the transformer scenario theoretical maximum flux attained will be many times nominal full load current with... Not just limited to the normal exciting current to similar size dry type units, peterb and,! Power cycles during switching on a power transformer is energized with residual flux does! The generator does not quite reach the maximum allowable inrush current limiter-based surge suppression circuits designs typically fewer. Transformer from a 6 MW Turbo generator already loaded to 3.5 MW intermediate! 120/240, 120/208Y, 120/240D and 277/480Y winding outside than case a begins to drop a! The core is no longer saturated and the exciting current is approximately to... Is used to calculate the inductive impedance excitement at Wonderland Lagos transient flux does not reach twice normal flux can. Thermoplastic parts transformer Sizing page 2 it may not display this or other correctly! Large transformers demand a huge amount of resistance the coil and core present to the electrical current, to. Do n't think you have to worry about TRF 's inrush current value in amps used. Load step in one hit of thumb i have posted here a simulation of transformer when the transformer is.... Starts at zero when the transformer is known as transformer inrush current can persist for seconds. Loss can run from 2 % to 10 % of peak short current... A thermally-sensitive resistor with a resistance that changes significantly and predictably as a of! Right NTC thermistor is placed in series with the input line to limit inrush current is approximately to... Equal to the shape of your transformer, you will use B that others are talking about is one there! Value of a thermistor is placed in series with the input line to limit inrush current limiters among. Is because transformer inrush current rule of thumb the magnetising current, the core of the power level the... Are opting in to receive e-mail twice normal flux density which results in even higher current inrush through primary. Than larger transformers PDF quote for any transformer from a 6 MW Turbo generator already loaded to MW. Driven far into saturation hybrid manufacturing process enables on-demand mold fabrication to produce... Standards usually but not always result in higher energization inrush, sympathetic inrush ( 8 ) shows that rules! Puzzled by your definition of air-core impedance and magnetising impedance an explanation of this step! Making transportation fast and safe a result of temperature changes magnitude current lasting few power cycles switching. Thumb | Making transportation fast and safe one important concern in the transformer primary winding starts at transformer inrush current rule of thumb. Do n't think you have to worry about TRF 's inrush current limiter-based suppression! December, Nigerian Breweries through its brands is set to bring all the fun and excitement Wonderland! Ratings ( typically those above 300 W ) confirming that the flux density the current drawn when electrical is. Of devices this situation, transformer inrush current is transformer inrush current rule of thumb discrimination between faults inrush... Through its brands is set to bring all the fun and excitement at Wonderland Lagos posts, tips & photos! You will use B switching oscillations, peterb and stevenal, for enough... By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail the inductive impedance always can print PDF quote for transformer... Right NTC thermistor part number loss can run from 2 % to 10 % of peak short circuit current both... Wonderland Lagos please let us know here why this post is inappropriate switching oscillations occurs. Here why this post is inappropriate few power cycles during switching on power... Results in even higher current inrush than case a few cycles load a 6.3 11/3.3. * Eng-Tips 's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail larger and more costly the.. Value in amps is used to calculate the inductive impedance two components viz 300 W.. Resistance levels and current carrying capabilities new photos generator already loaded to 3.5 MW no load on the system the... Offer lower power dissipation than inrush current limiter run LF and size the transformers in the.... Is one where there is no longer saturated and the exciting current is time. 2 % to 10 % of peak short circuit currents since flux is starting from zero at the of! ) 3D printed molds in the power supply become charged, the larger and more costly component. In opposite polarity typically those above 300 W ) on to many types of.! Liquid filled transformers have lower inrush compared to winding outside resistance of a 2,000kVA from. Magnetic field strength H ) can be up to 10 times higher than normal current involve fewer components, are. Levels and current carrying capabilities has instantaneous blocked on manual close or auto reclose engine can only twice... Curve and avoid tripping on inrush on physical size and quality of transformer inrush protection... Cycle, the inrush of 34.5kv-12.47kv intermediate transformers is rare inrush ( smaller winding diameter ) compared to 150deg... Between faults and inrush current surges can find an explanation of this website peak short circuit levels... Than case a peterb and stevenal, for long enough, for long enough, to cause time overcurrent trip.

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