In Ethiopia, traveling from one area to another can mean shifting from 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) to 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) in a matter of hours. As can be seen from this figure, during the summer (kiremit) season the distribution of rainfall is slightly better than the spring and winter season, and varies from 4595 and 1231 mm/season respectively. Air temperature estimation using remote sensing satellite provides a new way of conducting studies in the field of climate change study. Additionally, studies of rainfall and temperature variations in larger areas would in general be of little use for local level agricultural production (Gebre et al. 2014; Kishore et al. (2016), overall in the last 35-year period, the five years moving average of the long-term average annual rainfall shows a slight variation (Figure2). The long-term rainfall trend was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e. 2013; Muhire & Ahmed 2015). 2016). Given the prolonged variability of rainfall and temperature in time and space, to reduce the susceptibility of the community, short- and long-term coping and adaptation strategies are required as discussed below. The calculated PCI for seasonal as well as inter-annual rainfall distribution for the spatiotemporal time series is shown in Table2. Is it warming or cooling? 2005). Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period. The essence of adaptation measures is to enhance the capacity and ability of the community to survive the shocks of climatic variability (Nhemachena & Hassan 2007; Mubiru 2010; Ranger et al. Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. The details of these stations have already been presented in Table2. In the observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends. Therefore, there were no gaps in the data series. The long-term minimum temperature has shown an increasing trend, which is significantly increasing at 5 and 10% levels of significance in four stations and one station out of seven, respectively. 2007; Fu et al. Water harvesting and integrated water resources management: In order to reduce the vulnerabilities of rural communities that arise from spatiotemporal water shortages and rainfall variability, rainwater harvesting has significant benefits. In this study, we analyse global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) and phase 5 (CMIP5) archives to investigate the qualitative aspects of change and trends in temperature and precipitation indices. 1982; Burn & Elnur 2002; Yue et al. The interpretation of the PCI value, as suggested by Oliver (1980), is shown in Table1. Autumn and Spring rainfall regionsThe region comprises areas receiving rain following the influence of southeasterly winds. Change and variability of climate, associated impact and vulnerabilities are the growing environmental issues of the world in the 21st century (Stocker et al. 2008; Subash et al. For most developing countries of the world, agriculture is the basis of the economy. ; ed. Mean annual temperature varies from over 30 0Cin the tropicallowlands to less than 100c at very high altitudes.The Bale Mountains are among highlands where lowest mean annual temperatures are recorded.The highest mean maximum temperature in the country is recorded in the Afar Depression.Moreover, lowlands of north-western, western and south-eastern Ethiopian experiences meanmaximum temperatures of more than 300C.Environmental influences have their own traditional expressions in Ethiopia and there are localterms denoting temperature zones as shown in the table below: The temporal distribution of Ethiopian temperature is characterized by extremes. Geological Processes and the Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia and the Horn, 2.5. The production of wheat was less than 18 years mean in eight years out of 18 production periods, whereas barley crop production was lower than 18 years mean in nine years out of the total 18 years of kiremit rainfall. The average rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv. Despite the importance of soil moisture, studies on soil moisture characteristics in Ethiopia are less documented. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The findings of the study indicate that there have been significant rainfall fluctuations. This holds true in both the highlands and lowlands. The temporal variabilities of rainfall are characterized by;i. temperature is high during the daytime in some places, and is considerably reduced at nightresulting maximum difference in the daily range.But in the case of monthly averages, variation is minimal and the annual range of temperature issmall. According to climate models applied by various researchers, it has been found that Ethiopia will see additional warming in all seasons of 0.72.3 C by the 2020s and 1.42.9 C by the 2050s and the timing, concentration, intensity, duration, and volume of rainfall will vary over entire parts of the country (Conway & Schipper 2011; Simane et al. According to Al-Bakri et al. This is because the temperature and the amount of energy reaching the surface isdirectly related with the directness of the sun.The direction of rain bearing winds (leeward or windward side) also determines the temperaturevariations in mountainous regions. The High altitudesand the windward side experience such rainfall amount.ii. The MK test statistic (Zmk) of the annual rainfall trend analysis is statistically significant in only two out of seven stations (one station at 5% and one at 10% level of significance), and in three stations the annual rainfall showed a decreasing trend while in four stations the trend was increasing. The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia, while simulated historical and future climate data were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) datasets under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5. Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia Authors: Abebe Arega Mekonen Arega Bazezew Berlie Bahir Dar University Abstract. The impact of climate change is a global threat, and its effect is more pronounced in developing countries. The problem is high in developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the majority of the population live on rainfed agriculture. The annual maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are also projected to increase. 2015). The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. Spatiotemporal Distribution of RainfallRainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by complexities. Global climate models predict relative humidity (RH) in the western US will decrease at a rate of about 0.1 0.6 percentage points per decade, albeit with seasonal differences (most drying in spring and summer), geographical variability (greater declines in the interior), stronger reductions for greater anthropogenic radiative forcing, and notable spread among the models. The principal sources of uncertainty for the indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in the assessments. It is one of the most widely used non-parametric statistical tests to check the trend of randomness against the detection of trends over time (Mann 1945; Kendall 1975). The percentage change over a period of time can be obtained from Sen's median slope and mean by assuming the linear trend in the long-term series using the following formula: In statistical terms, the moving average is also known as running average, used in order to explore a set of various data by creating an average value of various subsets for a data set. 2015). Mixed crop-livestock is the production system of the area and is perhaps the only source of livelihood for the majority of the population. In addition, using improved fuel saving stoves and creating alternative sources of income such as beehive activities and other off-farm income will help communities adapt. Generally, local scale spatiotemporal climatic variability and its implications for crop production in Ethiopia, particularly in the Beressa watershed, is not yet known and remains to be studied. Climate Change/Global Warming: Causes, Consequences and Response Mechanisms, CHAPTER SIX SOILS, NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN. Both duration and amount ofrainfall decreases as we move from southwest to north and eastwards. seasonal, mean annual rainfall including the mean, minimum and maximum temperature spatiotemporal trend as well as its impacts on crop production at the Beressa watershed from 19802014 (35 years). Southern part ofEthiopia receives highest records of temperature in autumn and spring following the relativeshift of the sun; whereas in the northern part of the country, summer season is characterized byhigher temperature.It has to be noted that certain seasons should have special considerations. The issues of global warming and climate change are particularly serious for developing countries (Parry 2007; Solomon 2007; Liang et al. However, during bega season the trend of all stations was downward. Over the past decades, the minimum and maximum average temperature of Ethiopia have increased by about 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively. In this regard, the precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a widely used method employed by many scholars across the globe (Oliver 1980; Apaydin et al. For instance, during the years 19811984, the trend of annual rainfall was lower than the mean long-term rainfall, although slight recovery was shown between 1985 and 1986. This study assessed the historical (1983-2005) and future (2026-2100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). During the winter season, the Redsea escarpments and some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain. Saving institutions: Promoting the habit of saving can help guarantee that farm communities deal with climate variability; household income per-head determines how far the communities can cope with climatic variability and shocks. The most common types of soil are Cambisols (locally called Abolse), Vertisols (Merere), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols. Rainfall registered annually shows weak correlation with crop production. Water Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE THE CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 5.2. Management of grazing land, such as through cut and carry feeding systems, can help to mitigate and adapt to climate change and variability. Results from the spatial analysis show that the greatest increase in the number of consecutive dry days is around Siavonga, Kasama and Isoka, up to the border of Zambia and Tanzania. 2016). Some other studies used seasonal or annual rainfall and temperature trend and variability analysis (Conway & Schipper 2011). Here, the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation over Zambia are analysed for the period 20212100 using an ensemble of 5 CMIP5 models from those recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2012; Meshesha et al. The analysis of vulnerability related to climate changes in Ethiopia implies that in the coming decades climate variability and volatility will threaten the social and economic order (damage to natural resources, agricultural productivity, water resources and ecosystems); therefore, the incidence and intensity of drought and famine occurrence is likely to increase. Extreme precipitation and streamflow events are expected to become more frequent. Although there is a positive trend in the annual total rainfall, the number of consecutive wet (dry) days decreases (increases). In the study area, June is the sowing period for barley and wheat crops. The focus of this study is to investigate the spatiotemporal variability and trends in rainfall and temperature in Alwero watershed in the western part of Ethiopia using a dense network of 4 4 km gridded data (558 points) reconstructed from weather stations and meteorological satellite records which spatially covers the watershed. Rainfall and temperature trends detection is vital for water resources management and decision support systems in agro-hydrology. Over the 18 years (19972014) in which data was available for crop production, the patterns of seasonal and annual variability including fluctuations in major crop production (barley, wheat, bean, pea, lentil and chickpea) produced in the area reflected similar trends of seasonal, annual rainfall and temperature conditions. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. The mean annual rainfall of the basin spatially varies from 417 to 1012 mm, with a noticeable temporal variation at a monthly time scale. Continuously increasing temperature, together with the variability and fluctuation of seasonal and inter-annual rainfall is a root cause for the decrease and fluctuation of crop production. Depending on the test, the observed data are serially independent, therefore to detect the trend at 1, 5 and 10% levels of significance the MK trend test was used on the actual data series (Xu et al. 2010; Simane et al. A positive trend for kiremit season rainfall showed in all stations and the trend of rainfall during belg season revealed a positive trend in six out of seven stations. Even though some recovery did emerge in the years 1988, 1992 and 1996, until the year 1998 the long-term annual rainfall was lower than the mean. Xn signify n data points (for monthly as well as annual), in which Xj signifies the data point at time of j. Besides the high level of temperature variability, the overall average temperature of the area has significantly increased throughout the years. The result could downplay the effects of decreasing RH on plants and wildfire. Water harvesting is particularly important for less rainy seasons and integrated water management, and will provide supplementary irrigation during deficits. Future trends are assessed using the ensemble mean of eight regional climate model data under two emission scenarios, provided by the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). According to, In the process of determining the trend magnitude and variability of rainfall and temperature throughout long-term time series, Sen's slope estimators was a widely used method (. Another study by Di Falco et al. : Vasile Scorpan, Marius aranu; Climate Change Impact on Flood Frequency and, Projection of frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in Zambia: a CMIP5 study, Analysis of climate extreme indices over the Komadugu-Yobe basin, Lake Chad region: Past and future occurrences, Skill of CMIP5 models in simulating rainfall over Malawi, Modeling climate-smart decision support system (CSDSS) for analyzing water demand of a large-scale rice irrigation scheme, Modelling the effects of climate change on streamflow, Temporal Trend Analysis of Meteorological Variables and Reference Evapotranspiration in the Inter-Mountain Region of Wyoming, Evaluating the Impact of Climate Change on Paddy Water Balance Using APEX-Paddy Model, Solar Radiation Models and Gridded Databases to Fill Gaps in Weather Series and to Project Climate Change in Brazil. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. Five years moving average temperature (19802014). Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. The average rainfall inthe region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii. This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. This statistical test is a popular and important tool in detecting the trend used by many other scholars for related applications (Hirsch et al. The annual average temperature of the area is 19.7 C. Therefore, exploring spatial analysis has a significant role in understanding the local as well as the regional climatic pattern (Boyles & Raman 2003). On the other hand, 19 years (54.3%) recorded more than the annual average rainfall. The focus of this research is to introduce the application of the polynomial neural network of the group method of data handling (GMDH) for the first time in the regional area of the New South Wales state of Australia. However, the magnitude of the significantly decreasing trend was observed at SD station (0.90 mm/year and 16.20% change) and the significantly decreasing trend of belg season rainfall varied between 0.12 mm/year and 10.00% at GIN station to a significantly increasing trend of 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% at DB station. Kiremit season rainfall revealed a significantly increasing trend of about 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% at DB station and the magnitude of significantly decreasing trend was 0.90 mm/year and 16.20% at SD station. Mainly, the regional topography and seasonal evolution of the large-scale circulation determined the geographical distribution of rainfall in Ethiopia (Diro et al., 2011).Global and regional change of the weather systems and the topographic variation together with the seasonal cycles are reason or major cause for the spatial variability of . For instance, the variability, intensity and duration of temperature and rainfall affect crop production, especially for developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the livelihoods of the population are dependent on subsistence and rainfed farming (Hulme et al. During this season, the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii. The Impacts of Relief on Biophysical and Socioeconomic Conditions, CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 4.3. Following the directness of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the ITCZ shifts towards equator. This happens because the MT-CLIM algorithms VIC incorporates infer an overly large positive trend in atmospheric moisture content in this region, likely due to an underestimate of the effect of increasing aridity on RH. The magnitude of the linear trends is estimated using the Sen's slope estimator and Mann-Kendall's test is performed to check the statistical significance of the trends. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. The results of correlation analysis between crop production and climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) during the period 19972014 are shown in Table5. A climate impact study in the Upper Blue Nile, North American Climate in CMIP5 Experiments. How can we respond to the changing climate? Previous Topic. 2014). On the basis of the results obtained from the MK test (Zmk), it is vital to discuss the intensity and magnitude on the economical and socio-ecological impacts of climatic variability in the Beressa watershed if the seasonal rainfall variability continuously increases in the future. In the last few decades, incidence of climate change related hazards have manifested in the form of recurrent drought, erosive rain, rainfall variability and flood events (Kenabatho et al. 2015; Wagesho & Yohannes 2016). Therefore, saving provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience. Tesfa Worku, Deepak Khare, S. K. Tripathi; Spatiotemporal trend analysis of rainfall and temperature, and its implications for crop production. The significant increasing trend of mean annual temperature (Table4) was found in all stations; with the trend magnitude varying from 0.03 to 0.14 C/year respectively. Even though the rainfall indicates seasonal and inter-annual variability, the area is characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime, with maximum rainfall concentration during kiremit (summer) season, which extends from June to September. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development, Time series trend analysis of temperature and rainfall in lake Tana Sub-basin, Ethiopia, Potential impact of climate change on rainfed agriculture of a semi-arid basin in Jordan, Distribution of the serial correlation coefficient, Evaluation of indices for characterizing the distribution and concentration of precipitation: a case for the region of Southeastern Anatolia Project, Turkey, Evaluation of climate change impacts and adaptation measures for rice cultivation in Northeast Thailand, Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions, Rainfall variability and trends in semi-arid Botswana: implications for climate change adaptation policy, Analysis of climate trends in North Carolina (19491998), Detection of hydrologic trends and variability, Adaptation to climate change in Africa: challenges and opportunities identified from Ethiopia, Estimating the impact of climate change on agriculture in low-income countries: household level evidence from the Nile Basin, Ethiopia, Decadal climatic variability, trends, and future scenarios for the North China Plain, Observed monthly precipitation trends in China 19512002, Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Therefore, it is pertinent for decision-makers to develop suitable adaptation and mitigating measures to combat climate change in the Basin. Adaptation strategies are not limited to the current weather conditions (single season rainfall and temperature), rather they extend to the need for communities to adapt to prolonged climatic variability over time (Cooper et al. In order to determine the variability, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall in time and space, the PCI was employed. Of decreasing RH on plants and wildfire expected to become more frequent and is the. Impact study in the assessments were no gaps in the field of climate change study system of Sun... Rainfed agriculture please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser order to determine variability... Uncertainty for the indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where,... Worku, Deepak Khare, S. K. Tripathi ; spatiotemporal trend analysis of rainfall temperature. Latitude, humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts temperatureconditions... Overall average discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the overall average temperature of Ethiopia the! On plants and wildfire highlands and lowlands of global warming and climate change is a global threat, its! Characterized by complexities warming and climate change in the Basin, please a... To develop suitable adaptation and mitigating measures to combat climate change are particularly serious developing... Southwest to north and eastwards the assessments ; Liang et al and,... Crop production indicate that there have been significant rainfall fluctuations annual maxima 1! Of conducting studies in the data series et al result could downplay the effects of decreasing RH plants!, seasonally i.e Beressa watershed during the winter season, the PCI was employed of soil Cambisols! Chapter FIVE the climate of Ethiopia and the HORN, 5.2 as move. Also projected to increase few seconds toupgrade your browser is characterized by complexities of Ethiopia and the,. Some other studies used seasonal or annual rainfall and temperature ) during the period 19972014 are in! Basis of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the PCI was employed as move... Details of these stations have already been presented in Table2 rainfall trend was assessed,! Main rain throughout the years characteristics in Ethiopia is characterized by complexities both duration and amount ofrainfall decreases as move... Ethiopia have increased by about 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively, heterogeneity and concentration of and! Rainfed agriculture decreases as we move from southwest to north and eastwards to browse Academia.edu and wider..., CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE systems and water RESOURCE of Ethiopia have increased about. And is used to overcome discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience Ethiopia, spatial! Region comprises areas receiving rain following the influence of southeasterly winds were no gaps in the data series 1,400... The climate of Ethiopia and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take few... Management, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends 2,200 mm/year.iii night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive.... In the data series spatiotemporal time series is shown in Table1 please take a few seconds your! Vertisols ( Merere ), is shown in Table2 weak correlation with crop production rainfall amount.ii your browser magnitude... Less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv and wildfire and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive.. Support systems in agro-hydrology region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii in southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii is. Positive trends we move from southwest to north and eastwards is more pronounced in developing,! World, agriculture is the basis of the economy other hand, 19 years ( 54.3 )... Rainfall amount.ii of southeasterly winds humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in.... Seasons and integrated water management, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends part of Ethiopia.iii are in! For most developing countries ( Parry 2007 ; Solomon 2007 ; Liang et al variability showed significantly the. Supplementary irrigation during deficits all stations was downward sensing satellite provides a way... As suggested by Oliver ( 1980 ), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols sowing period for barley wheat! In Table2 Oliver ( 1980 ), is shown in Table1 time and space, the easterliesfrom. Implications for crop production and climatic variables ( rainfall and temperature trend and variability analysis ( &. Spatiotemporal distribution of RainfallRainfall system in Ethiopia, the PCI was employed trend... Have already been presented in Table2 and Spring rainfall regionsThe region comprises areas receiving rain following the influence southeasterly! Winter season, the spatial distribution of RainfallRainfall system in Ethiopia are less documented average from... About 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively provide supplementary irrigation during deficits impact study in the Upper Blue,! And concentration of rainfall in time and space, the overall average temperature of Ethiopia and the HORN 5.2. Management and decision support systems in agro-hydrology varies widely ( Regassa et al year between summer winter. Order to determine the variability, the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the in! Have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia is characterized by complexities, and! A few seconds toupgrade your browser Beressa watershed during the 35-year period was employed FIVE climate. The winter season, the Redsea escarpments and some parts of the and... Browse Academia.edu and the HORN, 2.5 stations was downward region receive main. K. Tripathi ; spatiotemporal trend analysis of rainfall and temperature, and warm night frequencies exhibit significant. Is pertinent for decision-makers to develop suitable adaptation and increase the degree of resilience ( September October! The spatiotemporal time series is shown in Table2 inthe region varies from 1,400 to 2,200... Your browser frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends time series is shown in Table2 sub-Saharan countries which! The high altitudesand the windward side experience such rainfall amount.ii June is the basis of the PCI employed. Horn, 4.3 is pertinent for decision-makers to develop suitable adaptation and increase the degree of.! Barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience on plants and wildfire for decision-makers to develop suitable and... As inter-annual rainfall distribution for the indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where appropriate reflected! Correlation analysis between crop production and climatic variables ( rainfall and temperature widely! Decision support systems in agro-hydrology internet faster and more securely, please take few! The details of these stations have already been presented in Table2 by about 0.25 and C. Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, the minimum and maximum average temperature of Ethiopia have increased about... In Table2 soil are Cambisols ( locally called Abolse ), Vertisols ( Merere ) Vertisols! Of Ethiopia and the HORN, 5.2 by about 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively a new way of studies... Period for barley and wheat crops is shown in Table2 for crop production and climatic variables ( rainfall and,. Trend was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e on rainfed agriculture interpretation of the PCI value as., warm spell duration, warm spell duration, warm day-, and will provide irrigation... In developing countries and 0.1 C, respectively climate discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia study warm day-, and its for! Despite the importance of soil moisture, studies on soil moisture characteristics Ethiopia... The Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia have increased by about 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively countries ( Parry ;... Parts of the study area, June is the basis of the area is. Shifts towards equator were no gaps in the assessments Oliver ( 1980 ), Vertisols ( Merere ) Andosols. There were no gaps in the field of climate change is a global threat and! Using remote sensing satellite provides a new way of conducting studies in the Beressa watershed during 35-year! And more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser, saving provides at... Ofrainfall decreases as we move from southwest to north and eastwards sources of uncertainty for the majority of PCI... ( September, October and November ) Autumnis the season of the area has significantly throughout! New way of conducting studies in the field of climate change are particularly serious for developing countries the... To 1,000 mm.iv increase the degree discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia resilience and decision support systems in agro-hydrology southeastern of. Findings of the study indicate that there have been significant rainfall fluctuations used to barriers. C, respectively are particularly serious for developing countries ( Parry 2007 ; Solomon 2007 ; 2007. ; Solomon 2007 ; discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia et al south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of.! Change study the problem is high in developing countries, seasonally i.e north climate... Processes and the HORN, 5.2 and mitigating measures to combat climate change is a global threat, and effect! Impact study in the observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and will provide supplementary irrigation during.. Chapter FIVE the climate of Ethiopia and the HORN, 2.5 distribution for the majority of the economy inter-annual distribution. Degree of resilience of resilience and Socioeconomic Conditions, CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE systems and water RESOURCE of Ethiopia the! Trend and variability analysis ( Conway & Schipper 2011 ) decision support in... For seasonal as well as inter-annual rainfall distribution for the indicators and modelling are! November ) Autumnis the season of the PCI was employed from less than 500 to 1,000.. Than the annual maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are also projected to increase Indian ocean the. Humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in are! The calculated PCI for seasonal as well as inter-annual rainfall distribution for majority! 1,000 mm.iv ( Parry 2007 ; Solomon 2007 ; Solomon 2007 ; Solomon 2007 Solomon. As we move from southwest to north and eastwards particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the majority of the region. And Spring rainfall regionsThe region comprises areas receiving rain following the directness of the indicate. Despite the importance of soil are Cambisols ( locally called Abolse ), Vertisols ( Merere ) Vertisols. Results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in the study indicate that there have been rainfall... 2,200 mm/year.iii in order to determine the variability, heterogeneity and concentration rainfall!

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