[21][31][34] According to Smythe's survey, as many as 12,000 civilians were killed within the city of Nanking plus another 26,870 in the rural counties outside Nanking. Two Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. After losing the Battle of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek knew that the fall of Nanjing was a matter of time. Recent. John Rabe boarded the U.S. gunboat Panay on December 9 and sent two telegrams, one to Chiang Kai-shek by way of the American ambassador in Hankow, and one to the Japanese military authority in Shanghai. However, most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and its findings, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and at least 20,000 cases of rape. [40], By contrast, Ikuhiko Hata also examined the Japanese Army's documents and tallied up a total of 30,000 Chinese POWs massacred out of a total Chinese force of 100,000. Hempel's hotel was broken into as well, as [was] almost every shop on Chung Shang and Taiping Road.[61]. The following day, on December 10, Rabe got his answer from the Generalissimo. [56][57] Robert O. Wilson, a physician, testified that cases of gun wounds "continued to come in [to the hospital of University of Nanjing] for a matter of some six or seven weeks following the fall of the city on December 13, 1937. [29], The Japanese either destroyed or concealed important documents, severely reducing the amount of evidence available for confiscation. Files. It would seem according to stories told us by foreign witnesses that the soldiers were let loose like a barbarian horde to desecrate the city. Nanjing had been constantly bombed for days and the Chinese troops that remained there were disheartened and had taken to drinking before the city's inevitable fall. The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass . The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass rape, looting, and arson. Practically every building in the city was entered many, many times by these roving gangs of soldiers throughout the first six or seven weeks of the occupation". [60] On 13 December 1937, John Rabe wrote in his diary: It is not until we tour the city that we learn the extent of destruction. Nanjing Death Toll Graph. However, they feared that speaking out openly "would be detrimental to their careers. In the museum adjacent to the shrine, a panel informs visitors that there was no massacre in Nanjing, but that Chinese soldiers in plain clothes were "dealt with severely". [31] His more specific range of figures is roughly 160,000 to 170,000. After a while we would say something like, "It's my day to take a bath," and we took turns raping them. Kasahara generally concludes that the death toll must have been well over 100,000, and possibly around 200,000. [90], Numerous factors complicate the estimation of an accurate death toll.[91][92]. In 1947 at the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal, the verdict of Lieutenant General Tani Hisao , the commander of the 6th Division quoted the figure of more . Answer (1 of 16): 1. The Japanese Army had pushed quickly through China after capturing Shanghai in November 1937. After decades of struggle, the Nanking Massacre had become a recognized piece of Japanese history. Women and girls were raped en masse and looting was widespread. The death toll of civilians is difficult to precisely calculate due to the many bodies deliberately burnt, buried in mass graves, or dumped into the Yangtze River. The Japanese army mounted its assault on the Nanjing walls from multiple directions; the SEF's 16th Division attacked three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its offensive on the western walls, and the SEF's 9th Division advanced into the area in-between. The two men were described as vying to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword before the capture of Nanjing. The number 300,000 is displayed prominently at memorials and is the higher end of commonly accepted estimates. [27], On December 5, Asaka left Tokyo by plane and arrived at the front three days later. "[69] In contrast with the People's Republic of China, the official history of the Second Sino-Japanese War released by the Republic of China states that the death toll of the massacre was "more than 100,000 people". Description. Death toll of the Nanking Massacre. One thousand disarmed Chinese soldiers, whom the International Committee hoped to save, were taken from them and by this time are probably shot or bayoneted. [13] Timperley included a second estimate in his book published later the same year, Japanese Terror In China, which quoted "a foreign member of the University faculty" as stating that "close to 40,000 unarmed persons were killed within and near the walls of Nanking". [31] Nevertheless, even if Ch took the initiative, Asaka was nominally the officer in charge and gave no orders to stop the carnage. Whether Asaka ordered the Rape, or simply stood by as it happened, is disputed, but he took no action to stop the carnage. Two days later he defended his remarks, saying, "Even since I was a national Diet representative, I have said [repeatedly] there was no [Nanjing] massacre that resulted in murders of several hundred thousands of people. [citation needed], This nationalist view does not, however, represent a widely shared understanding of what happened at Nanjing, as illustrated by Japanese textbooks' rather different treatment of the atrocity. Jones, Paul. He reasoned that the Nanking Massacre should include the entire area of what was then known as the "Nanking Special Administrative District". Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.[21]. We "pikankan." On the other side of the city, the 11th Company of the 45th Regiment encountered some 20,000 Chinese soldiers who were making their way from Xiakuan. Some Chinese men were sodomized and forced to perform "repulsive sex acts". New York Times (New York), January 9, 1938; accessed March 12, 2016. Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), p. 193. The Tokyo War Crime Tribunal defined the period of the massacre to the ensuing six weeks. Chiang planned to fight a protracted war of attrition to wear down the Japanese in the hinterland of China.[9]. The Nanking Safety Zone was demarcated through the use of Red Cross Flags.[25]. place the death toll on a much wider scale from 40,000 to 300,000. He would later state that he had seen tank guns used on bound soldiers. Fifteen of the remaining 22 foreigners formed a committee, called the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone in the western quarter of the city. American vice consul James Espy arrived in Nanjing on January 6, 1938, to reopen the American embassy. Higashinakano had claimed in his book, Thorough Review of Nanjing Massacre, that she and the girl were different persons, and that she was not a witness of the Nanjing massacre, but he was unable to prove this at trial. In a documentary film about the Nanjing Massacre, In the Name of the Emperor, a former Japanese soldier named Shiro Azuma spoke candidly about the process of rape and murder in Nanjing.[50]. [citation needed], On 18 February 1938, the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone was forcibly renamed the Nanjing International Rescue Committee, and the Safety Zone effectively ceased to function. [57] The most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the tribunal and its findings. In regard to the number of victims of this Nanjing Massacre the Tokyo (War Crime) Trials later found it in excess of 200,000, and prosecuted Japan's responsibility severely", reads one Japanese textbook. Now, in the winter, the season gives time to reflect. The capacity of the hospital was normally one hundred and eighty beds, and this was kept full to overflowing during this entire period. Many innocent men were misidentified and killed.[1]. [43], By contrast Yoshiaki Itakura adopted an even stricter standard than Hata, advocating that only Chinese soldiers captured in uniform and then killed be included as massacre victims. [40], However, the expansion of the definition of the Nanking Massacre to include areas outside of Nanking has not been without controversy. The first Japanese troops reached the city on December 13, and faced little resistance. This created panic in the area and hundreds of women moved into the Ginling College campus yesterday. The last murders in the house were of Ha's two children, aged 4 and 2 respectively. [112][170] The range of the death toll estimated by Japanese historians is from tens of thousands to 200,000. Until 1982, mentioning of the massacre was suppressed in China because ideologically the communists would rather promote the "martyrs of class struggles" than wartime victims, especially when there were no communist heroes or any communists at all in Nanjing when the massacre happened. Akira Fujiwara, "Nitch Sens ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu2, John G. Gagee, Case 9, Film 4, Folder 7, Box 263, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library, cited in, "A Debt of Blood: An Eyewitness Account of the Barbarous Acts of the Japanese Invaders in Nanjing.". "[150][151], On February 24, 2012, Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara denied the Nanjing massacre. [66], The Hui people, a minority Chinese group, the majority of them Muslim, suffered as well during the massacre. In the University Middle School where there are 8,000 people the Japs came in ten times last night, over the wall, stole food, clothing, and raped until they were satisfied. [124], In 1947, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda, the two officers responsible for the contest to kill 100 people, were both arrested and extradited to China. The subject is the notorious Japanese occupation of Nanjing, China, in 1937. The website has quoted a Japanese Twitter user who apparently said, "why the death toll increases every year". They believed the 300,000 toll typified a "Chinese-style exaggeration" with disregard for evidence. The older girl was stabbed afterwards and a cane was rammed in her vagina. Title. "[75] According to historian Jonathan Fenby, the most recent research places the death toll at 100,000 or less, though he only cites one recent estimate as evidence for this claim.[76]. Let me recount some instances occurring in the last two days. [56] By this definition the "Nanking Massacre" can symbolically be said to have lasted from 1931 to 1945, extended over the whole of China, and included ten million victims. According to Xinhua News Agency, it is the most complete record to date. [98] Tomio Hora supports the information found in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which estimates a death toll of at least 200,000. The report consists of eight volumes and was released to mark the 70th anniversary of the start of the massacre. Moreover, many troops of captured Chinese soldiers were led out of the city and down to the Yangtze, where they were summarily executed. Many fled the city on December 7, and the International Committee took over as the de facto government of Nanjing. [121] He was found guilty of war crimes, sentenced to death, and executed by shooting on 26 April 1947. In his diary kept during the aggression against the city and its occupation by the Imperial Japanese Army, the leader of the Safety Zone, John Rabe, wrote many comments about Japanese atrocities. The U.S., which served as the melting pot of cultures and is home to descendants of members of both Chinese and Japanese cultures, took up the mantle of investigator for the victimized Chinese. Since the late-1960s when the first academic works on the Nanking Massacre were produced, estimating the approximate death toll of the massacre has been a major topic of scholarly debate. The massacre camp generally supports the Tokyo War Crimes Trials figure of "upwards of 100,000" deaths; skeptics claim 15,000 to 50,000, while others venture only up to 10,000. All we are asking in our protest is that you restore order among your troops and get the normal city life going as soon as possible. Nanking Massacre death toll. magazine surveyed members of each "school" for their opinions on the massacre, many of the so-called "centrists" advocated extremely low figures for the total number of victims, including Dokkyo University professor Akira Nakamura, journalist Yoshiko Sakurai, and researcher Toshio Tanabe, who each counted about 10,000 massacred, and military historian Takeshi Hara who selected 20,000. [65], Nevertheless, the Chinese government has maintained a hard line on its estimate of 300,000 victims. Many remember the atrocities that occurred to the Jews in the Holocaust, but few remember what is called, "The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II," where 300,000 people were murdered, and 20,000 women were raped (Rivera 2). On December 5, Prince Yasuhiko Asaka was installed as Japanese commander in the campaign. The incident occurred near the Kuling Ssu, a noted temple on the border of the Refugee zone". They were executed by shooting together on 28 January 1948. They also murdered hundreds of thousands . The Chinese women were undefended, their menfolk powerless or absent. The Japanese awaited an answer to their demand for surrender but no response was received from the Chinese by the deadline on December 10. While the books' take on Nanjing is stilted and feels like the product of a committee, in various versions they acknowledge the deaths of thousands of Chinese including women and children, as well as looting, arson and assaults by Japanese soldiers. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at "Ichigaya Court," formally Imperial Japanese Army HQ building in Ichigaya, Tokyo. I personally feel sorry for the tragedies to the people, but the Army must continue unless China repents. [54][55] On the other hand, at least one historian has noted that the atrocity in Nanking could be equated with the entire war waged by Japan on China. "[91], Chinese soldiers and POWs as massacre victims, F. Tillman Durdin, "Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking,", David Askew, "Part of the Numbers Issue: Demography and Civilian Victims," in, Ikuhiko Hata, "The Nanking Atrocities: Fact and Fable,", Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "The Messiness of Historical Reality," in, Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History,", Tokushi Kasahara, "," in, Tokushi Kasahara, "Massacres outside Nanking City," in, David Askew, "The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population,", David Askew, "Defending Nanking: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces,", Daqing Yang, "Convergence or Divergence? In 1948, the case of the Nanjing massacre was considered by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which handed down two death sentences. [91], Other factors include the mass disposal of Chinese corpses by Japanese soldiers; the revisionist tendencies of both Chinese and Japanese individuals and groups, who are driven by nationalistic and political motivations; and the subjectivity involved in the collection and interpretation of evidence. What many people don't know is that the emperor had largely lost control of the army and Japan, which was a flourishing democracy before was taken over by the military (basically) following . . The death toll has been actively contested among scholars since the 1980s, with typical estimates ranging from 40,000 to over 300,000. Updated on March 06, 2017. The compound is located in a neutral zone in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, which is the reason why a group of prostitutes also end up there. The two girls were then stripped, the elder being raped by 23 men and the younger by 3. According to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, estimates made at a later date indicate that the total number of civilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanking and its vicinity during the first six weeks of the Japanese . The situation was different in Japan. That's how they get their nationalism and pride, that Japan never made any mistake to other countries during the WW, instead, they're a victim of the US, they nuked Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the Tokyo Tribunal of War Criminals, the Nanking Massacre death toll was presented either as "more than . [76], By February 5, 1938, the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone had forwarded to the Japanese embassy a total of 450 cases of murder, rape, and general disorder by Japanese soldiers that had been reported after the American, British and German diplomats had returned to their embassies:[77], It is said that Rabe rescued between 200,000 and 250,000 Chinese people.[78][79]. It took an hour for the sounds of death to stop and even longer for the Japanese to bayonet each individual. Pikankan means, "Let's see a woman open up her legs." Chinese soldiers were summarily executed in violation of the laws of war. The debate on the death toll has gone on for many decades to the point where some historians have begun to question its usefulness on the grounds that excessive quibbling over the precise death toll has distracted from the study of other more important facets of the massacre. [54] Sons were coerced in to rape their mothers, fathers were forced to rape their daughters, and brothers were forced to rape their sisters. THE RAPE OF NANKING OR NANJING MASSACRE 5 The judges of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (also known as the Tokyo War Crimes Trials) were prepared to accept that at least 200,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered by the Japanese in the six weeks after Nanking fell.The judges were also prepared to accept that the death toll would be much higher if . A People's Liberation Army honor guard bearing large funeral wreaths marched slowly past a memorial showing the figure 300,000, China's official death toll in the events of December 1937, as . If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. The last refugee camps were closed in May 1938. The second telegram was sent through Shanghai to Japanese military leaders, advocating for a three-day ceasefire so that the Chinese could withdraw from the city. [21], However, when Shokun! English Articles. Nankin Daigyakusatsu (Nanjing Massacre), "Six weeks long" is a convenient figure but far from precise. The girl was 14 years old. ", "Case 13 December 18, 4 p.m., at No. The Nanjing Massacre, commonly known as "The Rape of Nanking," was an infamous war crime committed by the Japanese military in and around the then capital of . The soldier thought he might as well rape her before killing her, so he pulled her out of the group to a spot about ten meters away. The victims were blown up with landmines, then doused with petrol and set on fire. Kasahara notes that Smythe's survey proves that a bare minimum of 12,000 ordinary civilians were massacred within Nanking, though other contemporary sources gives figures between 50,000 and 100,000, plus at least another 26,870 outside Nanking. Death Toll Estimates. After the war, multiple Japanese military officers and Kki Hirota, former Prime Minister of Japan and foreign minister during the atrocities, were found guilty of war crimes and executed. Dr. Robert O. Wilson, a surgeon and a member of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, took the witness stand first. "[1], One-third of the city was destroyed as a result of arson. On the other hand, they fail to include corpses that were destroyed rather than buried and thus underestimate the death toll. Between the announcement of a ceasefire on August 15, 1945, and the arrival of small advance parties of American troops in Japan on August 28, Japanese military and civil authorities systematically destroyed military, naval, and government archives, much of which was from the period 19421945. It was truly a regrettable act of barbarity. [24], German businessman John Rabe was elected as its leader, in part because of his status as a member of the Nazi Party and the existence of the German-Japanese bilateral Anti-Comintern Pact. The Nanking Massacre as a component of national identity. His decision to visit the shrine regardless sparked international outrage. According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time:[12]. [28], David Askew, a historian at Ritsumeikan University, states that the death toll of the Nanking Massacre can be calculated by modern-day historians on the basis of four types of sources. Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing", "Le massacre de Nankin et les mcanismes de sa ngation par la classe politique dirigeante", U.S. Archives Reveal War Massacre of 500,000 Chinese by Japanese Army, https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/china_nanjing_en.pdf, "Japanese statement protesting UNESCO registration of Nanjing Massacre docs backfires", Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, "The Nanjing Massacre: Primary Source Records and Secondary InterpretationsA Textual Critique of Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi's Review", "Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan", "Biography of Lieutenant-General Moritake Tanabe - () - ( ) (1889 1949), Japan", "More names on Nanjing Massacre memorial wall", "Religious Assembly Held to Mourn Nanjing Massacre Victims", "China holds first Nanjing Massacre memorial day", "The Nanking Massacre: Fact Versus Fiction", "A (very) short history of Japan's war apologies", "Nagoya mayor won't budge on Nanjing remark", "Japan ruling MPs call Nanjing massacre fabrication", "Subcommittee on Nanjing Issues Press Conference (YouTube)", "Japanese Official Denies Nanjing Massacre", Nagoya mayor won't budge on Nanjing remark, "Tokyo governor backs Nanjing massacre denial", "The Nanking 100-man killing contest debate", "Governor of Japan broadcaster NHK denies Nanjing massacre", "The Nanking Massacre, Justice and Reconciliation: A Chinese Perspective", "In Japan, denial over Nanjing still holds sway after 70 years", "Book review. For example, a two-volume collection of military documents related to the Nanjing operations was published in 1989; and disturbing excerpts from Kesago Nakajima's diary, a commander at Nanjing, was published in the early 1980s. At dusk, the soldiers divided POWs into four columns and opened fire. Conditions inside the compound are worse than we can describe. He gave a summarized description of what happened in the city: The picture that they painted of Nanking was one of a reign of terror that befell the city upon its occupation by the Japanese military forces. [158], Many Japanese prime ministers have visited the Yasukuni Shrine, a shrine for Japanese war deaths up until the end of the Second World War, which includes war criminals that were involved in the Nanjing Massacre. [125][126], Moritake Tanabe, the Chief of Staff of the Japanese 10th Army at the time of the massacre, was tried for unrelated for war crimes in the Dutch East Indies. George A. Fitch, Lewis S. C. Smythe, and James McCallum filed affidavits with their diaries and letters. ", Harold Timperley, a journalist in China during the Japanese invasion, reported that at least 300,000 Chinese civilians were killed in Nanjing and elsewhere, and tried to send a telegram but was censored by the Japanese military in Shanghai. However, most scholars and historians consider the number to be more than 12,000 victims. In August 1937, the Japanese army invaded Shanghai, where they met strong resistance and suffered heavy casualties. [5] Instead they threw away their uniforms and weapons and hid among the city's civilian population. Following the end of World War II, some circles of civil society in Japan reflected on the extent of the massacre and the participation of ordinary soldiers. [148][149], On February 20, 2012, Takashi Kawamura, mayor of Nagoya, told a visiting delegation from Nanjing that the massacre "probably never happened". [35] Three quarters of the population had fled Nanjing before the Japanese arrived. What was probably the single largest massacre of Chinese troops, the Straw String Gorge Massacre, occurred along the banks of the Yangtze River on December 18. The prosecution began the Nanjing phase of its case in July 1946. Mrs. Ha asked them why they killed her husband and they shot her. As Nanking fell to the Japanese, and their troops entered the city on the 13th of December, the streets were already crowded with a large number of . Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it impossible to determine which officer had actually won the contest. All the new books mentioned the massacre and five of them printed the death count as estimated by the Chinese government (300,000 deaths), the remaining two books estimated the death toll at 200,000. The battle was bloody as both sides faced attrition in urban hand-to-hand combat. He met with division commanders, lieutenant-generals Kesago Nakajima and Heisuke Yanagawa, who informed him that the Japanese troops had almost completely surrounded 300,000 Chinese troops in the vicinity of Nanjing and that preliminary negotiations suggested that the Chinese were ready to surrender. The massacre occurred over a six-week period starting on December 13, 1937, the day the Japanese captured Nanking. [clarification needed], In 1984, in an attempt to refute the allegations of war crimes in Nanjing, the Japanese Army Veterans Association (Kaikosha) interviewed former Japanese soldiers who had served in the Nanjing area from 1937 to 1938. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "Leftover Problems," in The Nanking Atrocity, 193738: Complicating the Picture, ed. The younger girl was bayoneted also but was spared the horrible treatment that had been meted out to her sister and mother. One mosque was found destroyed and others found to be "filled with dead bodies." 18 I Ho Lu, Japanese soldiers wanted a man's cigarette case and when he hesitated, one of the soldier crashed in the side of his head with a bayonet. [27][50] French historian Jean-Louis Margolin, for instance, has strongly criticized Honda's argument, noting that "As, in our present knowledge, it is impossible to get convincing figures for such large areas, such methods may be considered as attempts to blur hopelessly the debate. When I appear they give the excuse that they saw two Chinese soldiers climb over the wall. Official war journals and diaries were also published by Kaikosha, an organization of retired Japanese military veterans. This article is part of . Nanjing Death Toll Graph. [169] In the 2010 Japan-China Joint History Research Committee meeting, scholars from the Japanese side set the maximum possible number of civilian victims at 200,000, with estimates of around 40,000 or 20,000. 5 Hsing Lu Koo in the southeastern part of Nanjing and demanded entrance. [26][89] Daqing Yang, a historian at George Washington University, believes that "an obsession with figures reduces an atrocity to abstraction and serves to circumvent a critical examination of the causes of and responsibilities for these appalling atrocities"[90] and Carol Gluck concurs that "The crucial historical question remains the moral one: how could ordinary Japanese have done what they did? The Japanese school doesn't teach the history from the 'common' history perspective.. , most scholars and historians consider the number 300,000 is displayed prominently at memorials and the... People with a sword before the Japanese Army invaded Shanghai, where met! 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One hundred and eighty beds, and James McCallum filed affidavits with their diaries and.! Wider scale from 40,000 to 300,000 `` filled with dead bodies. population fled... To the people, but the Army must continue unless China repents toll on a much wider from... Killed. [ 25 ] heavy casualties about to break into our.... Case in July 1946 One-third of the laws of war Criminals, the Japanese awaited an answer to their.. Others found to be the first Japanese troops reached the city on December 7 and. Looting, and faced little resistance Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity Westport! Zone was demarcated through the use of Red Cross Flags. [ ]. News Agency, it is the notorious Japanese occupation of Nanjing appear give. Criminals, the soldiers divided POWs into four columns and opened fire but was spared horrible! Place the death toll on a much wider scale from 40,000 to 300,000 [ 1.! Nanjing phase of its Case in July 1946 from precise, 193738: Complicating Picture! Struggle, the Chinese government has maintained a hard line on its estimate of 300,000.!, looting, and the International Committee took over as the de facto government of Nanjing, 2012 Tokyo... The hospital was normally one hundred and eighty beds, and James McCallum filed affidavits their! Reached the city was destroyed as a component of national identity instances occurring in the hinterland of China. 1..., p. 193 figure but far from precise 24, 2012, Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara the... Tokyo Tribunal of war crimes, sentenced to death, and executed by together!

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